A few odd ones I've learned from anime:
"Chikusho" (sometimes abbreviated to just "kuso") is a really mild swear in Japanese, somewhere along the lines of "Darn!" Little kids use it. In English translations of anime, it's almost always replaced with "damn it" or something similar.
Meanwhile, there's a way of saying the Japanese word for "you" that is considered extremely vulgar. This is why, when the subtitles say "You bastard!" or "Damn you!" the Japanese you hear is...not really very consistent. Half the time, people are actually saying a specific insult, while the other half, they're just saying "you" in a very insulting tone.
And, of course, leaving out the honorific after someone's name is extremely rude. How rude depends on which level of honorific you should have used; generally, only very close sibs or lovers are going to be able to get away with no honorifics at all, so failure to use one implies a level of informality/intimacy that isn't really there. There's no good way to show this in English translation, because we don't really have an equivalent in most Anglophone cultures. If it's relevant, then honorifics will just be tacked on to the translation as-is: "I think Hikari-kun's right, you guys."
Example of honorific deliberately used incorrectly: In an episode of InuYasha, another miko who was passed up for Kikyo's job refers to her as "Kikyo-dono." However, they're close enough in status that "Kikyo-san" would be much more appropriate. The use of an honorific several levels higher than makes sense is used sarcastically in this context, to imply that Kikyo is undeserving of the honor she's been given by their superiors, and possibly also that she's stuck-up.
For reference:
"-hime" I've only seen this one to mean "princess."
"-dono" Archaic; used by peasants toward royalty or shoguns. Really, really huge implied difference in status here.
"-sama" Similar to "my lord" or "my lady;" generally higher-status than we think of "sir" or "ma'am" in everyday English.
"-sensei" Doctor or teacher.
"-san" About the level of "sir" or "ma'am;" used for slightly higher-status adults or strangers.
"-senpai" Used by a younger student to address an older one.
"-kohai" Used by an older student to address a younger one.
"-chan" or "-kun" Used toward people equal or below you in status, unless they're just students in a lower grade. Usually "-chan" is feminine, and "-kun" is masculine, but there may be exceptions that I don't know about.
Trying to map two totally unrelated languages onto each other is weird.
